外研英语八年级下册知识要点

八年级下册知识要点及写作范文

Module 1 Feelings and impressions

Unit 1

1. What a delicious smell?  Smell:一股气味（可数名词）

_____ good advice!  It’s so helpful to us. (what / How)

_____ interesting the story is! (What / How)

2. nice:adj. 美味的，友好的，令人愉快的

nice weather: 好天气   be nice to sb.:对某人友好  a nice trip: 一次令人愉快的旅行

The cookie tastes nice. 这块饼干尝起来美味。

3. would like 比want 语气更委婉。

----Would you like to stay here with us?

---- Yes, I’d like / love to.

4. lovely: 令人愉快的，可爱的修饰人或物a lovely afternoon / girl

lively: 活泼的，生动的  a lively lesson:一堂生动的课

5. I’m afraid that + 从句: 恐怕（表示歉意或让对方失望的情况）

I’m afraid that I can’t come to your party tomorrow.

6. 1) a bit = a little:有点儿，有点后接/ 形容词 / 副词

\ 形容词 / 副词的比较级

I feel a bit thirsty now.

After the rain, people feel a bit / a little cooler.

2) a little + 不可数名词： There is a little time left.

a bit of + 不可数名词：There Is a bit of water in thebottle.

7. have a try: 试一试have a / an + 名词

have a swim:游泳  have a break:休息  have a shower:洗沐浴

8. I have a sweet tooth.  我喜欢吃甜食。
9. be done: 做好了，完成了done: adj. 做好了的，完成了
10. be sure + 从句：Are you sure what you said?

Be sure of / about sth.: 对……确信 I’m sure of / about the telephone number.

be sure (not) to do. Sth.: 确保/ 务必（不）做某事 Be sure not to miss the early bus.

11. lucky day:幸运日You’re a lucky boy. 你是一个幸运儿。Good luck to you. 祝你好运。

Unit 2

1. thanks for = thank you for: 因……而感谢你

Thank you for / your help.

\ sending me phots.

2. message: 口信、信息（可数名词）take a message:捎个口信leave a message:留信

Information: 信息（不可数名词） a piece of information ,  some information

3. hear from sb. = get / receive a letter from sb. : 收到某人的来信

I heard from my uncle last week. = I got / received a letter from my uncle last week.

4. can’t wait to do sth. : 等不及/ 迫不及待做某事

I can’t wait to open the present.

5. quite: 1) quite a / an + 形容词+ 名词quite a nice boy:一个相当好的男孩。

2）quite 修饰动词时放在动词前 He quite likes maths. 他很喜欢数学。

very: 1) a very + 形容词 + 名词 a very nice boy

2) very 与much合在一起修饰动词时，位于句末。He likes English very much.

6. sound like: 听起来（像）The music sounds very beautiful.
7. 1) sb. spend some time / money (in) doing sth.: 某人花费时间/ 钱做某事

Don’t spend too much time (in) playing computer games.

2) sb. spend some time / money on sth. :某人花时间 / 钱在某事/某物上

I spent ten yuan on this book.   Many people spned their free time on their hobbies.

8. be proud of sb. / sth. : 以某人/ 某事为自豪Parents are proud of their children.

We’re proud of our country.

9. be good at sth. / doing sth. = do well in sth. / doing sth. 擅长某事/ 做某事

I’m good at English / swimming. = I do well in English / swimming.

10. How do you feel about…？= What do you think of …? = How do you like…？

How do you feel about the film? = What do you think of the film?

11. in: 在多久之后，常用于将来时，对其提问用how soon

--- How soon will you leave Beijing?

--- I’ll come back in three days.

12. how to do things: 疑问词+ 不定式，在句中可作主语、宾语、表语

1) I don’t know what to do. = I don’t know what I should do. （作宾语）

疑问词加不定式作宾语时可以转换成宾语从句。

2) When to hold the meeting hasn’t been decided. （作主语）

3) His dream is how to be a good scientist. （作表语）

4) I don’t know what to do. = I don’t know how to do it.

13. 1) be afraid of sb. / sth. : 害怕某人/某物I’m afraid of doctors / dogs.

2) be afraid of doing sth.: 害怕做某事 I’m afraid of flying / going out at night.

3) be afraid to do sth.:  害怕做某事  I’m afraid to swim across the river.

4) I’m afraid that: 恐怕  I’m afraid that you must study hard.

语法：表示感觉和知觉的系动词也称感官系动词

1. 五个表示感觉和知觉的系动词与眼、耳、口、鼻、手相关系。

look, sound, taste, smell, feel + 形容词

He feels tired after work.

2. 感官系动词后可接介词like, like后常接名词。

His idea sounds like fun .

3. 感官系动词的句型结构与be 不同，其否定形式和疑问形式要借助动词do。

The food tastes delicious. 变成否定句→ The food doesn’t taste delicious.

变成一般疑问句→ Does the food taste delicious?

4.持续系动词，用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,remain,stay

The weather will keep warm for 7 days.

5.变化系动词有become, grow, turn, get, go等。

书面表达

在英语学习中，与北京阳光中学的同学朝夕相处，其中Daniel的善良和助人为乐等优秀品质给我们留下了深刻的印象。请根据下面提示，用英语写一篇短文。

提示：1.Personality: helpful—help old woman cross the road

kind—work at the Helping Hands Club

creative—creative a TV programme

点拨：人物介绍（年龄、外貌、身份、性格）→ 典型事例（性格、品质）→人物评价（喜爱、夸赞）

My friend Daniel

My friend Daniel comes from Beijing Sunshine Secondary School. He has a round face and often wears a pair of glasses. He is good at playing computer games, but he dislikes sports. He has many good personal qualities. He is helpful. He often helps his classmates with the homework. He also helps old woman cross the road. He is kind to others. He works at the Helping Hands Club. He is creative. For example, he can create a TV programme. He is generous to his friends. He likes to share his things with them. So I want to be a person like Daniel from now on and get on well with everyone.

Module 2  Experiences

Unit 1

1. 1)  enter = take part in = join in 参加enter a competition: 参加比赛

2) enter = come / go into 进入     Please enter the classroom.

2. ever: 曾经、从来，用于现在完成时的一疑问句、否定句。

1) Have / Has sb. ever + done sth. ? 某人曾经做过某事吗？

Have you ever entered a club?

2) ever用于否定句，not ever = never 从来

She hasn’t ever entered any competitions.

3. before adv. 以前, 与现在完成时连用; 也可与一般过去时/一般现在时连用,位于句末。

She has never been to Beijing before.

Turn off the light before you leave the room.

He came back before 10 o’clock last night.

4. 1) afford: 买得起、付得起，常与can, could, be able to 连用。

The house is too expensive. I can’t afford it.

2) afford后跟动词不定式作宾语，can afford to /  do sth.: 有能力支付做某事

\ buy sth.: 买得起某物

I can afford to visit Shanghai this year.

He is very poor and can’t afford to buy a house in the city.

5. That’s a pity.   What a pity! 真遗憾！

It’s a pity that:  太可惜了  It’s a pity that you can’t come to the party.

6. here , there , out, in 等表示方位的副词开头的句子中，主语是名词，句子要全部倒装；

如果主语是代词，句子则要部分倒装。

Here is a gift for you.    Here comes the bus. (主语是名词)

Here it is.     Here you are.  (主语是代词)

7. 不定式短语在句中作目的状语，位于句首或句中。

To catch the early bus, I get up early. (位于句首，其后有逗号)

He studied hard to pass the exam. (位于主句后即句末)

8. She worried about her future. = She _______ ________ about her future.
9. make up: 编造，组成Can you make upa story?

be made up of: 由……组成   The basketball team is made up of 20 players.

10. 1) I hope that (宾语从句) 表示祝愿:  I hope that my dream will come true.

2) hope / wish to do sth.: I wish to become a doctor in the future.

3) wish sb. to do sth.: I wish you to come to my birthday party.

11. 1) invite sb. to do sth.: 邀请某人做某事Lily invited me to see a film yesterday.

2) invite sb. to someplace: 邀请某人去某地  I’ll invite Lilly to my party.

Unit 2

1. 数词-名词-形容词：合成/复合形容词，其中的名词必须用单数形式，只能放在名词前做定语，不能作表语。

Tom is an eight-year-old boy.   Tom is eight years old.

2. one of + the 形容词最高级+ 名词复数形式：最……之一

The Yangze River is one of the longest rivers in the world.

3. move to sp.: 搬到某地They are moving to Beijing in a month.他们一个月后要搬到北京。

4.1) send sb. to do sth.: 派遣某人做某事  They sent some scientists to work in Beijing.

2)send sb. to a place: 派某人去某地   The school sent Tom to Guilin.

3)send sb. sth. = send sth. to sb.: 送/ 寄给某人某物  I sent Lily a book. = I sent a book to Lily.

5. the + 姓氏s :……一家人，……夫妇, 其作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。

The Smiths are having dinner now.

6. 1) has / have been to: 去过某地(表示经历)，人现在已回来，常与ever, never，次数等连用。

I have been to Beijing twice. 我已去过北京两次了。

2) has /have gone to: 去某地了（表示此人不在这儿），不能用于第三人称。

--- May I speak to Li Tao?        我可以和地涛通话吗？

--- Sorry. He has gone to Beijing.  很抱歉。他去北京了。

3) has / have been in: 住在/ 在，是延续性动词短语，可以与时间段连用。

He has been in Shanghai / for ten years.

\ since he worked .

7.be different from: 与……不同   His bike is different from mine.

8.in many ways: 在许多方面  In many ways, they do better than us.

9. think / find / feel it + adj.(形容词) to do sth.:  觉得/ 认为/感觉做某事……

I think it important to learn English well.

I find it boring to play computer games.

10. so far= up to now: 到目前为止，常与现在完成时连用,位于句首或句末。

We have planted 2,000 trees so far.

So far I have learned 10,000 words.

11. mix ……with……：把……和……混和在一起

We can sometimes mix business with pleasure. 我们有时可以把工作和娱乐结合起来。

12. 1) ask sb. (not) to do sth.: 要求/ 让某人（不）做某事

Tom asked his mother to wake him up at seven o’clock.

2) ask sb. about sth.: 向某人询问有关某事   ask ab. for sth.: 向某人要某物

Tom asked me about the homework.   I asked Tom for a book.

话题写作：

请你介绍一下游览北京的经历，内容如下：

1.北京在中国的北方，每年有很多人到北京旅游；

2.来过北京多次，跑遍了北京城；

3.爬过长城，到过颐和园(the Summer Palace)和故宫(the Palace Museum);

4.拍下了很多照片，与外国人用英语交谈过。

Beijing is in the north of China. There are many places of interest there. A lot of people come to visit Beijing every year. I have been to Beijing many times. I have traveled around Beijing. I have climbed the Great Wall. I have visited the Summer Palace and the Palace Museum. I have also had conversation with foreigners and I have taken lots of photos. It was an interesting experience. I had a good time there.

Module3    Journey to space

Unit 1

1. What are you up to? = What are you doing ?   up to:忙于
2. 1) just: 刚刚，用于现在完成时，位于助动词后，实义动词前。

The train has just left.

2) just now = a moment ago 刚才，常与一般过去时连用，位于句末。

I saw an old friend just now.

3. yet: 1) 用于现在完成时的疑问句中，位于句末，意为“已经”。

Have you finished your homework yet?

2) 用于现在完成时的否定句中，位于句末，意为“还没有”，not…yet

I have not seen the film yet.     我还没看过这部电影。

already:已经，用于现在完成时的肯定句中，位于助动词has / have后,有时位于句末。

I have already finished my homework.  I have seen the film already.

4. the latestnews: 最新的消息
5. That’s why……: 那就是……的原因  why在此引导的是表语从句。

My bike was broken. That’s why I was late for school.

6. discover: 发现本已存在的客观事物、科学上的新发现。

Columbus discovered America.  哥伦布发现了美洲。

7. 1) no one = nobody 没有人, 作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，只指人，不能指物。

No one likes this kind of book.

2) None: 可以接of短语，既可以指人也可以指物。

None of the coats is red.

8. in order to do sth.:为了做某事,表目的，位于句首或句中,可与so as to do sth.相互转换。

He got up early in order to catch the first bus.

= In order to catch the first bus, he got up early.

9. 1) one day: 某一天（过去/ 将来），用过去/ 将来时  I’ll realizemy dream one day

2) some day: 某一天 （将来），用一般将来时  I’ll travel around the world some day.

3) The other day: 几天前（过去），用一般过去时

I met an old friend in the street the other day.

Unit 2

1. there be 就近原则：be 动词与和它最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。

there be 的一般将来时结构为：there will be 或There is / are going to be

There is a bank and some pens on the desk.

There will be / is going to be a football match tomorrow.

2. on theearth: 在地球上

on earth: 究竟、世界上   Who on earth won the match?

3. go around: 围绕……运行    The earth goes around the sun.
4. a group of: 一群/ 组……，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。

She has a group of friends.

5. possible:可能的 — impossible:不可能的  polite:礼貌的 — impolite:不礼貌的
6. adj. / adv. + enough to do sth.:

Your brother is old enough to go to school.

This book isn’t easy enough for me to read.

7. 介词短语作状语。 With a smile on her face, she came in.
8. alone: adj. 独自的、单独的  adv. 单独地、独自地

lonely: adj. 孤独的、寂寞的

He lives alone, but he doesn’t feel lonely.

9. communicate with sb.: 与某人交流   n. communication交流

We need to communicate with our parents at home.

语法：

1. 现在完成时常与already, yet, just, before, recently等词连用。

She has just arrived in China.

I haven’t seen him recently.

We have seen the film before.

2. 现在完成时常与ever, never, twice 等连用。

Have you ever been to Beijing?

I have been to Guilin twice.

话题写作：

随着时代的进步、科技的发展，人们的生活发生了日新月异的变化。未来的生活将会是什么样子的呢？谁都无法预料。请发挥想象，谈一谈未来的日子里，将有哪些不可思议的变化。如：很多事情由机器人或计算机完成、在家购物、足不出户旅行……请以“The life we can’t imagine”为题写一篇短文。

The life we can’t imagine

What do you think of the life in the future will be like?

In the future there will be more computers in our houses. Computers will help us to know a lot about the world. We will be able to talk by e-mail. Scientists will make many robots. Robots can help us do the cleaning, cooking and washing. We can do some shopping or see a doctor without going out of our houses.

The life in the future will be very good. For this, we will study hard and turn our ideas into reality. I believe we will be able to do this.

Module 4   Seeing the doctor

Unit 1

1. How can I help you? = What can I do for you? 有什么事？
2. ill: 只作表语    Tom was ill yesterday.    He has been ill for 4 days.

sick: 可作表语或定语  The mother is looking after her sick son.

3. My head hurts. = I have got a headache.= I have a pain in my head.  我头痛。
4. have / catch a cold: 感冒         have a bad cold:患重感冒

have a high / lowfever:发高 / 低烧   have a cough: 咳嗽  have a toothache:牙痛

5. take one’s temperature: 给某人量体温  Have you taken your temperature?
6. exercise: 1) 锻炼、运动，为不可数名词。

We should do / tale some exercise every day.

2) 练习、作业、体操，为可数名词。

Doing morning exercises is good for your health.

I have two exercises to do today.

7. since: 1) 作连词，引导时间状语从句，从句用一般过去时。

现在完成时 + since +句子（一般过去时）He has lived here since he was 10 .

2) 作介词，后跟时间点     She has worked here since 2010.

for: 计、达，后跟一段时间（时间段） I have worked here for 14 years.

8. 1) be harmful to = be bad for 对……有害

Smoking is harmful to you. = Smoking is bad for you.

2) do harm to sb. / sth.: 伤害某人 / 某物

Staying up late does harm to our body.

3) It’s harmful to do sth.: 做某事是有害的 It’s harmful to read in the sun.

9. once a week: 一周一次    twice a year:一年两次

这些表示频率的短语，对其提问用how often.

--- How often do you go swimming?

--- Three times a week.

10. 提问一段时间用how long.

--- How long have you been in Guilin?

--- For three years.

Unit 2

1. I feel well. 我感觉身体好。  well= fine
2. active: adj. 积极的、活跃的 Tony was very active at the party last night.

take an active part in: 积极参加  Tony always takes an active part in the English club.

3. by: 介词，通过   by doing sth.:通过某各方式

My sister learns English by listening to English songs.

4. Mr. Green bought the car last year. (改为现在完成时的句子)

Mr. Green has had the car for a year.

5. feel / keep healthy = feel / keep fit 感到/ 保持健康
6. take part in = join in 参加活动  join in the discussion / the sports meeting

join: 加入党派、团体、组织，成为其中一员 join the army / the Party

join sb. in sth. / doing sth.: Will you join us in playing basketball?

7. be inexcellent condition:  健康状况很好  be in trouble:处于困境

He is in trouble and needs our help.

8. for / in the last few weeks / months / years:  在过去的几周 / 月/ 年里，常与现在完成时连用。

I have learnt lots of English words in the last few weeks.

9. sleepy adj. 欲睡的、想睡的    I often feel sleepy in class.

asleep adj. 睡着的、睡熟的    fall asleep:入睡、睡着

I felt sleepy and fell asleep soon.

10. daily = everyday adj. 日常的、天天的    in daily life:在日常生活中
11. weak: 虚弱的、弱的   Tom is a little weak.

be weak in: 在……方面差  I am weak in maths but good at Chinese.

12. feel awful: 感到不舒服

The weather is awful / terrible today.   极坏的、坏透了

13. all over: 浑身、到处    I’m black and whiteall over. 我浑身青一块紫一块。

all over 指“遍布”与around 同义：all over the world = all around the world

14. too + adj. to do sth.: 太……而不能做某事，可以与not …enough to do sth 及

So…that的否定结构互换。

His brother is too young to join the army.

= His brother is not old enough to join the army.

= His brother is so young that he can’t join the army.

语法：

短暂性动词转换成延续性动词。

buy → have / own      borrow → keep       begin / start → be on

go → be away         die → be dead       join → be in / be a member of

leave → be away     marry → be married      return → be back

open → be open       go there → be there      come here → be here

get to know → know        catch a cold → have a cold

put on → wear / be on

I have kept that book for two months.

How long have you had the camera?

话题写作：

假如你是Tom,你在美国的朋友Tony生病了，请你写一封电子邮件，并告诉他做如下事情：see a doctor; eat healthy food; have more fruit and vegetables; get enough sleep; stay happy.

Dear Tony,

I’m sorry to hear you are ill. You have a fever and had a headache. You should see a doctor first. Then you drink more water, eat healthy food, and have more fruit and vegetables. You should get enough sleep and stay happy. You shouldn’t study when you are too tired. It’s not good for your health. I hope you’ll be better soon.

Best wishes!

Yours,

Tom

Module 5   Cartoon stories

Unit 1

1. 1) It’s time to do sth. = It’s time for sth. 该做某事的时候了

It’s time to have lunch. = It’s time for lunch.

It’s time to go to school. = It’s time for school.

2) It’s time for sb. to do sth.: 该到某人做某事的时候了。

It’s time for us to have a rest.

3) There is no time to do sth. 没时间做某事。

There is no time to have breakfast.

2. 穿过：You must be careful when you walk acrossthe road.

The river runs through the city.

The moonlight goes through the window and makes the room bright.

3.fight: 1) fight sb.: 打某人  Don’t fight the other students.

2) fight with / against sb.: 与……打架、同……并肩作战

Tom is fighting with Tony in the classroom.

3) fight for: 为……而战（和平、自由、国家）

They fight for peace / freedom / their country.

4) have a fight with sb. = fight with sb. 与某人打架

4. climb up: 往上爬、爬上

They need to climb up the trees with ladders.

5. someone: 某人、有人，多用于肯定句中，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。

否定或疑问句中用anyone.

In the dark someone was following her.

I can’t find anyone to help me.

6. 1) keep doing sth.: 一直做某事   The little baby keeps crying all night.

2) keep sb. / sth. + adj.: 使……处于某种状态

Keep your hands clean.         Keep your eyes closed.

3) keep sb. doing sth.: 使某人一直做某事

I’m sorry to keep you waiting for 2 hours.

4) keep + adj.: 保持   keep healthy / clean

7. 否定转移：从句中的否定习惯上转移到主句上，类似的词有believe, guess, think等。

I don’t think he will come.         I don’t believe he is right.

8. can’t help doing sth. = can’t stop doing sth: 情不自禁做某事

He couldn’t help crying when he heard the news.

9. protect sb. / sth. from / against sth.: 保护某人/ 某物免受……的伤害。

Wearing dark glasses can protect your eyes from the sun.

Parents try to protect their children from danger.

10. lesson: 课、教训         teach sb. a lesson:给某人一个教训

It’s a lesson to us all.     这对我们大家来说是个教训。

Unit 2

1. win the heart of sb.: 赢得某人的喜欢

Beijing Opera wins the hearts of the old people.

She won the heart of everyone in the theatre.

2. everywhere = here and there 到处、处处   Her books are everywhere.

anywhere: 任何地方   You can go anywhere interesting if you like.

3. 1) lead sb. to do sth.: 带领某人做某事  He leads his team to fight against the enemy.

2) lead to:通向、导致      All roads lead to Rome. 条条道路通罗马。

I don’t think it will lead to a good result.

4. be in a mess: 混乱      make a mess: 弄乱、搞糟  What a mess! 多么混乱啊！
5. except: 1) expect to do sth.: 期望做某事  I expect to pass the exam.

2) expect sb. to do sth.:期望某人做某事

Everyone expected us to win the match but we lost.

3) expect sth.: He is expecting her letter.

6. experience: 经历（可数名词）  Please tell us your experiences in America.

经验（不可数名词） He is a man of rich / much experience.

He has rich experience in this kind if work.

7. copy: 1) n. 一本、一册（可数名词） He is reading a copy of the daily newspaper.

2) v. 复制、抄袭    Don’t copy Tom’s homework.

Would you copy this letter for me ,please?

8. 表示某人多大岁生日时，用序数词；表示年龄时用基数词。

Today is Lingling’s tenth / 10^th birthday.     Lingling is ten years old.

9. own: 1) adj. 自己的  one’s own:某人自己的    This is my ownbike.

2) v. 拥有     He owns three houses.

10. private adj. 私人的，个人的   private car:私家车  private house / letter

Personal adj. 个人的（个人的感情、情绪、情感） personal feeling：个人感觉

11. 1) satisfy: v. 使满意、满足  We always satisfy our customers with good service. 顾客

2) be satisfied with sth.: 对……感到满意

She is satisfied with her son’s answer.

12. 1) A as well as B: 不仅……而且，既……又，还，强调的是前者，翻译时先译后者，再译前者；谓语动词与as well as前的主语保持一致（就远原则）。

Tom’s parents as well as Tom like swimming.

He speaks English as well as Chinese.  他不仅会说汉语还会说英语。

2) not only …but also…: 不仅……而且……，强调的是后者（就近原则）

Not only you but also your brother is very kind to me.

She not only plays well, but also writes music. 她不仅演奏得好，还会作曲。

话题写作：守株待兔

a Passive Attitude

Once upon a time there was a farmer who worked hard. One day when he was hoeing, he suddenly heard a low sound “peng”. He turned and hurried to the tree. He found a rabbit dying. He picked up the rabbit and was excited. Then he said to himdelf,“Why can’t I wait for more rabbits here? It’s cool under the tree.”So he dropped off his hoe and waited there. But day after day,there were no more rabbits coming. What was worse, all his crops were dead.

Module 6   Hobbies

Unit 1

1. a little + 不可数名词：有点儿、少量的   There is only a littlemeat in the fridge.

a bit of + 不可数名词：有点儿、少量的   I need a bit of water.

2. have a look:看一看，后跟宾语时，要加介词at.  havea look at = look at

Have a look at the picture.  = Look at the picture.

3. most of + 代词宾格 或 most of + 限定词 + 名词作主语时，谓语动词的数由most后面的代词或名词决定。

Most of my storybooks are very interesting.

Most of us like English.        Most of her money was stolen. 她的大部分钱被偷了。

4. must:表示肯定的推测，“一定、肯定”。表示否定的推测时用can’t, “不可能”。

The restaurant must be very good. It’s always full of people.

That girl can’t be Lily. Lily is much taller.

5. as + 形容词/ 副词的原级 + as : 和……一样

His English is as good as mine.      He drives as well as his father.

6. 用：1) with:用具体有形的东西（工具）  I write a letter witha pen.

2) in:用语言、声音、原材料       Can you speak in a loud voice?

3) by:用/ 通过……用段或方式     The girl made money by selling flowers.

7. 形容词修饰不定代词时后置：I have something importantto tell you.

Unit 2

1. 1) some……others……：一些……另一些……

Some students like watching TV and others like going online.

2) one ……the other……：一个……，另一个……（范围是两者）

There are only two students in the classroom. One is reading and the other is drawing.

I have two pens. One is red and the other is black.