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(一)be动词。
1、be动词概说。(包括am, are, is)
①连系动词,本身有词义“是”,在句子中和其后的表语一起构成谓语。e.g. I am tall.(表语)
②助动词,无词义。
e.g. He is playing football.
2、be动词的用法。
①am → 主语是单数第一人称(即I)。
e.g. I am…
②be → are 单数第二人称及所有复数。e.g. You are… The coats are…
3is → 单数第三人称及不可数名词。e.g. Your father is… The money is…
3、否定句式(即改否定句):在be动词之后+not, 句子其它部位不变。
e.g. He is not a teacher.
4、缩写形式。
①主语+be,缩写be第一个字母为 ’,再与主语合并。e.g. you are → you’re Jack is → Jack’s
②be+not否定形式的缩写,缩写not中“o”为 ’, 再与be合并。 e.g. is not→isn’t are not→aren’t
③不能缩写的情况:this is, these are, those are, am not及缩略的肯定回答。
e.g. Yes, I am. (I’m 误)
5、含be动词句子的疑问句型转换。
①一般疑问句:将be动词提前,其它照抄不变,最后+?,读升调。(一般第一人称改为第二人称)
e.g. The man in the car is her father.
→ Is the man in the car her father?
I’m a middle school student.
→ Are you a middle school student?
②一般疑问句的肯否定回答。
肯定回答: Yes, 主语+be. 否定回答: No, 主语+ be+ not.
e.g. Is he old? ——Yes, he is. /No, he is not.
Are you a new student? ——Yes, I am./ No, I’m not.
Is your father at home? ——Yes, he is.
/No, he is not.(isn’t)
注意:①主语必须用代词回答;②肯定回答不能缩写;③回答第二人称,用第一人称回答。
③特殊疑问句(就划线部分提问)。
1) 方法:将句子被提问(即被划线)的部分改为相对应的疑问词,然后置于句首,接着再将be动词或情态动词提前
(置于疑问词之后),其它部分照抄不变,最后+?(即疑问词+一般疑问句?)
e.g. The man in a red cap is her brother.
→ Who is the man in a red cap?
I can sing English songs. → What can you do?
2) 注意:①被提问部分不能再写。
②提问动词(即提问做某事),在改句子时注意还“do”,表示做什么?
3) 相应的疑问词。
- 事物 → what e.g. That is a cat. → What is that?
- 地点 → where He is at home? → Where is he?
- 人 → who The man is his father. → Who is the man?
4)谁的 → whose The coat is his. → Whose is the coat?
(提问名词性物主代词whose后不用带物)
That is Jack’s ball. → Whose ball is that?
(提问形容词性物主代词whose后要带物或人)
5)怎样(程度,方式) → how She’s fine. → How is she?
How can he go to school?
He can go to school by bus.
6). 职业 → what My father is a worker. → What is your father?
7). 年龄 → how old Our grandpa is 80. → How old is your grandpa?
8). 班级 → what class→ What class are you in? We are in Class 2, Grade 1.
9)数字 → what My phone number is 2212121
→What’s your phone number?
10)哪一个 → which→ Which boy is Mike? The boy in a blue shirt is Mike.
(一般which用来提问定语,并且后要带物或人)
11). 颜色 → what colour His car is yellow.
→ What colour is his car?
- 数量 → how many+可数复数名词 There are two books on the desk. →
How many books are there on the desk?
how much+不可数名词 There is only a little water in the glass. →
How much water is there in the glass?
13)时间 → what time → What time can you get there? I can get there at six.
when → When can you go with me? I can go with you on Sunday.
14)价钱 → how much→ How much is the bag? The bag is twenty yuan.
(二)代词:
1、代词的形式
2、代词的用法
①动作的发出者,代词用主格,(一般在句首,动词前)。 e.g. He often writes to me.
②动作的承受者,代词用宾格,(一般在句末,动词后、介词后)。
e.g. Let’s ask him.
Lets play with them.
③物的主人,用物主代词。(即代词所有格)
1)形容词性物主代词后一定要带物,不能单独使用,一般用在名词前。
e.g. This is their classroom.
That is my bike.
It is her red coat.
2)名词性物主代词,相当于形容词性物主代词+物。
e.g. The books are hers. (her books)
The bike is his. (his bike)
3)形容词性物主代词与名词性物主代词之间的区别:
形容词性物主代词:后要带物(即名词)。It’s my pen.
名词性物主代词:后不带物。 It’s mine.
(因此填物主代词应注意判断后有无带物,有用形容词性物主代词,无即用名词性物主代词。)
4)名词性物主代词作主语,要注意be的形式。
e.g. These are not her pens. Hers are in the bag.
(her pens)
This is not our classroom. Ours is over there.
(our classroom)
5)含形容词性物主代词与含名词性物主代词的句子可以转换。(译法稍有不同)
e.g. This is her pen → This pen is hers.
Those black cats are his. → Those are his black cats.
6)提问物主代词用whose.
e.g. This is my pen. → Whose pen is this? These pens are mine. → Whose are these pens?
注意:
- 提问形容词性物主代词,用Whose+物。
- 提问名词性物主代词,用Whose.
- Whose + be + 主语,be 根据主语判断。
7)whose 句型的转换。e.g. Whose coat is this?
→ Whose is this coat?
(三)所有格:表示物或人的“所属”关系。
1、名词所有格的形式:
① 名词之后直接+’s
e.g. Mary―Mary’s Kate―Kate’s
② 以s结尾的名词只加 '
e.g. students―students’
2、以上形式一般只用于有生命的名词,但也可用于表示时间、距离、国家、地点等无生命的名词。
e.g. today’s newspaper;
an hour’s walk; China’s city
3、注意:
①表示两者或多者共有,在最后一个名词+ ’s。
e.g. Mike and Jim’s room.(共用,用单数)
②如果不是共有,指各有,则各词都应+’s。
e.g. Mike’s and Jim’s rooms. (各有,用复数)
4、表示无生命的名词所有格用of短语表示,但注意词序与汉语习惯不同,形式为:名词+of+名词(前者属于后者)。
e.g. the door of the room. 那房间的门the picture of my family. 我的家庭的照片
5、注意:有时’s 结构可以转化为of 短语。(对等)
e.g. his father’s friends → the friends of his father. the girl’s new bike → the new bike of the girl.
the dog’s name → the name of the dog
但不是所有of 结构都有对等的’s结构。因为’s 只用于有生命的词。(四)名词的数。
1、名词的概念:名词是指表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念名称的词,如:teacher, school, morning, thanks, duty. 名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词和不可数名词。
2、可数名词。
1)可数名词是指可以用数目计算是名词,有单复数两种形式。
可数名词包括个体名词:e.g. apple , student.
集体名词:e.g. class people
2)用法:
① 单数名词前可用a, an修饰;
② 之前可以直接用数词;
③ 之前可用a lot of, lots of,many, some等修饰;
④ 提问其数量用How many + 复数名词;
3)可数名词的复数形式: 英语名词复数的构成有规则变化和不规则变化两种形式。
A 规则变化:
① 一般在单词的结尾直接+s; e.g. book ― books
② 如果单词以s, x, ch, sh等结尾,+es; bus ― buses
③ 若以辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i+es;
city ― cities story ― stories
④ 以f或fe结尾,变f或fe为ves;
wife ― wives knife ― knives
⑤ 以o结尾,有生命的+es
e.g. tomatoes; 没有生命的+s e.g. zoos;
⑥ 两个名词用在一起构成合成名词变复数时,只把合成名词的主体名词变成复数。 e.g. banana trees
⑦ 但是以woman, man等名词与其后面的名词构成合成名词变复数时,里面所含的成分全部要变成复数。three women teachers
B 不规则变化:
① 单复数同形 Chinese Japanese sheep fish (鱼)
② 只作复数 trousers clothes chips thanks people(人们)
③ 特殊变化:
man―men woman―women foot―feet
child―children policeman―policemen
businessman―businessmen postman―postmen
Englishman―Englishmen mouse → mice
3、不可数名词。
1)不可数名词是指不可以用数目计算是名词,它一般没有复数形式。
不可数名词包括物质名词:meat, milk.
抽象名词:work, housework.
2)用法:
① 不用a, an修饰;
② 不可直接用数词表达其数量,其量的表达必须用量词短语表示;
③ 前面可用a lot of, lots of, much, some, a little等修饰; ④ 作主语时,都视为单数;
⑤ 提问其数量时用How much; e.g. How much money do you have?
3)表达不可数名词数量常用的量词短语。
a bowl of 一碗… a glass of 一杯…
a bottle of 一瓶… a cup of 一杯…
a bag of 一袋… a basket of 一篮…
a piece of 一张…;一片…;一块…;一则…;一首…; a box of 一盒…
a kilo of 一公斤…;一千克… a pound of 一磅…
(五)There be结构,表示某地存在某物或某人。
There be +物/人+地点。 e.g. There is an apple on the tree.
引导词 主语 引导词 主语
1、be (are, is)的判断。
根据主语,主语为单数或不可数用is, 主语为复数用are,但如果主语是多个,就用就近原则判断。
e.g. There is a pen, some books,…
There are some books, a pen …
2、注意:not any/not a =no
e.g. There are not any cats here
= There are no cats here.
There is not a cat here = There is no cat here.
3、There be句型改特殊疑问句:
① 提问主语(物)用:
What is/are +地点?(注意去掉there) (人):Who is +地点?
② 问地点:用Where is/are + the 主语?(应特指)
e.g. There are some cats under the bed.
→ Where are the cats?(将some→the,表特指)
③ 问可数物品的数量用how many + 复数名词。
e.g. There is a cat under the bed.
→ How many cats are there under the bed?
There are two glasses of water on the table.
→ How many glasses of water are there on the table?
④ 问不可数物品的数量用how much + 不可数名词。
e.g. There is some water on the table on the table. → How much water is there on the table?
4、对于“how many, how much” there be 问句的回答: There are/is + 数量。 或: There is (only) one.
e.g. How many glasses of water are there on the table? How much water is there on the table?
5、若是某人某物拥有,占有某物,应用have/has表达。
e.g. He has a ruler. 他有一把尺子。 The park has two lakes. 那公园有两个湖。
(六)祈使句:
1、祈使句表示请求,命令,建议等,它没有主语(其实是省略了主语you),以动词开头,动词要用原形,句末用“!”或“.”,读降调。有时为了使语气比较委婉,常在句首或句末加上please.在句末时要用逗号隔开。
e.g. Sit down, please! Let’s go to school.
2、祈使句的否定形式:
①一般在句首加Don’t.
e.g. Throw it like this. → Don’t throw it like this.
②以Let开头的祈使句的否定形式要视具体的否定部分来决定。否定let就在句首加Don’t,否定后面的不定式,就在不定式前加not.
e.g. Don’t let him go out. Let’s not go there.
(七)现在进行时
- 意义:表示现在正在进行或发生的动作;也可表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。
- 构成:be +现在分词(v. +ing)
- be动词由主语决定。
- 现在分词的构成:
①动词直接+ing e.g. play — playing
②动词以重读闭音节而且末尾只有一个辅音,双写末一字母+ing
e.g. swim — swimming
③以不发音e结尾,去e+ing e.g. come — coming
(八)一般现在时。
1、一般现在时的用法:
①表示现在的状态或特征,谓语动词一般是be。 e.g. They are at work. She is very old.
②表示经常性或习惯性动作,谓语动词一般是实义动词。e.g. We go to school from Monday to Friday.
③表示主语具备的性格和能力。 e.g. I like swimming. Do you speak English?
④普遍真理。 e.g. Two plus four is six. The earth goes around the sun.
2、一般时态(一般现在时)的谓语形式。
①动词be 的人称变化: (略)
②实义动词的变化:主语为单数第三人称,实义动词应+s或es。(其变化类同于名词的复数形式)
主语为其他人称时,实义动词不变。
3、一般现在时的句型变化。
1)be动词的句式:(略)
2)实义动词的句式:改否定句及疑问句都应借助助动词do或does。
(当主语为单数第三人称时,用does, 同时应将其后的谓语动词还原形)。
① 改否定句:在实义动词之前+don’t或doesn’t.
e.g. We go to school on Sundays.
→ We don’t go to school on Sundays.
He does his homework after supper.
→ He doesn’t do his homework after supper.
② 改一般疑问句:在句首添加Do或Does,其他照抄,最后加问号。
e.g. They speak English.
→ Do they speak English?
He goes home at five every day.
→ Does he go home at five every day?
③ 一般疑问句的肯否定回答。
Yes, 主语do. No, 主语don’t.
Yes, 主语does. No, 主语doesn’t.
e.g. Do they speak English?
Does he go home at five every day?
Yes, they do. Yes, he does.
No, they don’t. No, he doesn’t.
④ 改特殊疑问句:疑问代词+一般疑问句?(do/does+其他?)
e.g. I like to eat apple.
What do you like to eat?
He goes to school every day.
Where does he go every day?
4.often, five days a week, every day, on Sundays, sometimes等表示频度的状语通常位于be动词之后,实义动词之前,
若句子出现频度副词,通常用一般现在时。