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中考英语语法
一 时态(一般现在时,一般过去时,现在完成时)及相应的被动语态
二 词性(名词n、形容词adj和副词adv及这三类词之间的词性转化,冠词 art. 代词 pron,介词 prep,连词conj,动词v和非谓语动词)
三 简单句和定语从句
四 名词性从句
且需要了解到以下项
五 状语从句
一 时态
(一)一般现在时
1 概念
1.表示不受时限的客观存在
eg: I am a teacher. You are a student. She is a doctor.
2.表示现在习惯动作
eg: Peter often goes to his office by subway.
Mary usually learns languages quickly.
频度副词:usually, always , ever , frequently , hardly ever, never, occasionally, often, rarely, seldom, sometimes, etc.
2 肯定句&否定句:
(1)主语+be(am/is/are)+ 其他(表语)
tips:第一人称用am,第二人称和第三人称复数用are,第三人称单数用is
否定表达:主语+be not (am not/is not=isn’t/are not=aren’t) +其他(表语)
例句见上
- 主语+实义动词+其他(宾语)
tips: 第一,二人称以及第三人称复数用 V原形,第三人称复数用 v-s
eg:I often go to school by bus. -- I don’t often go to school by bus.
Parents always praise their kids. -- Parents don’t always praise their kids.
He wears the school uniform. --He doesn’t wear the school uniform.
否定表达:主语(第一,二人称以及第三人称复数)+ don’t+ v-原形+其他(宾语)
主语第三人称复数+ doesn’t + v-原形+其他(宾语)
3 被动语态
主语(动作的接受者)+ am/is/are + done + (by + 动作的实施者)
tips:第一人称用am,第二人称和第三人称复数用are,第三人称单数用is
eg; I am asked to study hard.
The kids are always praised by their parents.
The classroom is cleaned by us.
(二) 一般过去时
1.概念
(1)表示过去时间
特定过去时间内一次完成的动作或一度存在的状态
eg: This town was a tourist attraction before.
We visited a factory last Friday.
(2).表示过去习惯动作
eg: He worked in a bank all his life.
(3).表示过去的时间词:last …./….ago/before...具体时间:in 1990,yesterday
2 肯定句&否定句:
(1)主语+be(was/were)+ 其他(表语)
tips:第一人称和第三人称单数用was,第二人称和第三人称复数用were
否定表达:主语+be not (was not=wasn’t/were not=weren’t) +其他(表语)
eg:This town wasn’t a tourist attraction before.
You weren’t a junior high school student two years ago.
(2)主语(所有人称)+实义动词的过去式 did+其他(宾语)
否定表达:主语(所有人称)+ didn’t + v-原形+其他(宾语)
eg: We didn’t visit a factory last Friday.
He didn’t work in a bank all his life.
3 被动语态
主语(动作的接受者)+ was/were + done + (by + 动作的实施者)
tips:第一人称和第三人称单数用was,第二人称和第三人称复数用were
eg:I was shocked by the news.
The kite was made by Peter.
Many houses were washed away in the flood.
(三)现在完成时
1 概念
(1).过去发生的事情(已完成)对现在有影响eg: He has turned off the light.2.过去发生的事情(未完成)持续到现在,可能持续下去,也有可能刚刚结束 eg: He has lived here since 2000.(可能继续住着,也可能刚刚搬走)
2 肯定句和否定句
肯定表达:主语+have/has done+ 宾语+其他
否定表达:主语+have not(haven’t)/has not (hasn’t) done+宾语+其他
tips: 第一人称,第二人称和第三人称复数用have/haven’t,第三人称单数用has/hasn’t
eg:He has studies in England for two years.
3 常用时间标志词
- for+一段时间b. since+时间点或从句3.连接词ever , already, yet, so far , in the past/ last …. etc.eg: I have ever gone to Tibet.
He has already finished the homework.
I haven’t finished my paper yet.
He has returned five gold medals so far.
4.It is the first time that-从句It is the first time that I have watched the movie.
5 被动语态(了解即可)
主语(动作的接受者)+ have/has been + done + (by + 动作的实施者)
eg: Amateurs have made important discoveries in astronomy.
Important discoveries in astronomy have been made by amateurs.
二 词性讲解
(一)名词
1可数名词[Countable nouns]:本身可以用来计数的,表示具体概念的名词
可数名词单数:表示 “一个”的概念,单数名词前使用不定冠词a或an
可数名词复数:表示“两个或多个”的概念,属于复数
可数名词复数变化规律:
(1)一般直接在名词后加s,
eg: a biscuit three biscuits
a watermelon three watermelons.
(2)以字母-s,-x,-sh,-ch结尾单词后加es
eg: dish-dishes, bus-buses, fox-foxes, fish-fishes.
(3)特殊的几个以o结尾词加es,
骑着水牛(buffaloes)的黑人(negroes)英雄们(heroes)爱吃西红柿(tomatoes)和马铃薯(potatoes)
其余以o结尾词加s eg: photo- photos piano-pianos video - videos
(4)辅音字母+y结尾的,改y--ies eg: city-cities butterfly-butterflies
元音字母+y结尾的,词尾加-s eg: key-keys soy - soys
(5)以-f或-fe结尾的,少数直接加s,大部分改-f/-fe为-v再加es
eg: leaf-leaves life-lives wife-wives
(6)复合词:改中心词为复数 eg: girl student-girl students
三个特例(改复数)
man teacher- men teachers
woman nurse- women nurses
child star- children stars
tips: 可数名词单数,谓语动词一般用单数;可数名词复数,谓语动词一般用复数。
2不可数名词[Uncountable nouns]:本身无法用数目来计算的名词,表示抽象概念的词
eg: 液体类 tea water coffee
食品类 chicken honey chocolate
抽象类 work wealth homework
用量词表示数量
eg: a box of milk a bottle of water
常见量词
可数名词 不可数名词
a lot of a lot of
plenty of plenty of
some some
a quantity of a quantity of
many much
a few a little
a number of a great deal of
3 某些常见的既可以是可数[CN]也可以是不可数[UN]的词
(1)抽象类
[UN] | [CN] | |
interest | 兴趣 前面可加不定冠词an | 利害关系 股份 权益 |
experience | 经验 | 经历 |
word | 消息 | 单词 |
room | 空间 | 房间 |
authority | 权威 | 权威人士,权威机构 |
democracy | 民主 | 民主国际 |
youth | 青春 | 青年人 |
beauty | 美 | 美人 |
necessity | 必要 | 必需品 |
(2)物质类
[UN] | [CN] | |
glass | 玻璃 | 玻璃杯 |
paper | 纸张 | 报纸 文件 试卷 |
cloth | 布 | clothes衣服 |
copper | 铜 | a copper 铜币 |
tin | 锡 | 罐头 |
iron | 铁 | 熨斗 |
gold | 金 | a gold 金牌 |
snow | 雪 | snows 积雪 |
water | 水 | waters 海/湖水 |
(3)食品类:蔬菜,水果,肉等之类表示吃的东西时不可数,表示种类时可数
UN | CN | ||
salad | 沙拉 |
数量 |
种类 |
Ice cream | 冰淇淋 | ||
cabbage | 卷心菜 | ||
onion | 洋葱 | ||
wine | 酒 | ||
chicken | 鸡肉 | ||
Fish | 鱼肉 | ||
meat | (一块)肉 |
(二)形容词和副词
1.形容词:做定语放在名词前
位置:限定描绘大长高,形状年龄和新老,颜色国籍跟材料,作用类别往后靠eg: He lives a happy life.a pretty small round old yellow French wooden study room2 副词:作状语 多修饰动词 交代动作状态
eg:I entirely agree with her.形容词比较级和最高级