初中英语语法总结语篇填空和单词拼写

2023年5月15日20:24:10初中英语215阅读模式

中考英语语法

一 时态(一般现在时,一般过去时,现在完成时)及相应的被动语态

二 词性(名词n、形容词adj和副词adv及这三类词之间的词性转化,冠词 art. 代词 pron,介词 prep,连词conj,动词v和非谓语动词)

三 简单句和定语从句

四 名词性从句

 

且需要了解到以下项

五 状语从句

 

 

一 时态

(一)一般现在时

1 概念

1.表示不受时限的客观存在

eg: I am a teacher. You are a student. She is a doctor.

2.表示现在习惯动作

eg: Peter often goes to his office by subway.
Mary usually learns languages quickly.

频度副词:usually, always , ever , frequently , hardly ever, never, occasionally, often, rarely, seldom, sometimes, etc.

2 肯定句&否定句:

(1)主语+be(am/is/are)+ 其他(表语)

tips:第一人称用am,第二人称和第三人称复数用are,第三人称单数用is

否定表达:主语+be not (am not/is not=isn’t/are not=aren’t) +其他(表语)

例句见上

  • 主语+实义动词+其他(宾语)

tips: 第一,二人称以及第三人称复数用 V原形,第三人称复数用 v-s

eg:I often go to school by bus.     -- I don’t often go to school by bus.

Parents always praise their kids.  -- Parents don’t always praise their kids.

He wears the school uniform.    --He doesn’t wear the school uniform.

否定表达:主语(第一,二人称以及第三人称复数)+ don’t+ v-原形+其他(宾语)

主语第三人称复数+ doesn’t + v-原形+其他(宾语)

3 被动语态

主语(动作的接受者)+ am/is/are + done + (by + 动作的实施者)

tips:第一人称用am,第二人称和第三人称复数用are,第三人称单数用is

eg; I am asked to study hard.

The kids are always praised by their parents.

The classroom is cleaned by us.

(二) 一般过去时

1.概念

(1)表示过去时间

特定过去时间内一次完成的动作或一度存在的状态
eg: This town was a tourist attraction before.
We visited a factory last Friday.

(2).表示过去习惯动作
eg: He worked in a bank all his life.

(3).表示过去的时间词:last …./….ago/before...具体时间:in 1990,yesterday

2 肯定句&否定句:

(1)主语+be(was/were)+ 其他(表语)

tips:第一人称和第三人称单数用was,第二人称和第三人称复数用were

否定表达:主语+be not (was not=wasn’t/were not=weren’t) +其他(表语)

eg:This town wasn’t a tourist attraction before.

You weren’t a junior high school student two years ago.

(2)主语(所有人称)+实义动词的过去式 did+其他(宾语)

否定表达:主语(所有人称)+ didn’t + v-原形+其他(宾语)

eg: We didn’t visit a factory last Friday.

He didn’t work in a bank all his life.

3 被动语态

主语(动作的接受者)+ was/were + done + (by + 动作的实施者)

tips:第一人称和第三人称单数用was,第二人称和第三人称复数用were

eg:I was shocked by the news.

The kite was made by Peter.

Many houses were washed away in the flood.

(三)现在完成时

1 概念

(1).过去发生的事情(已完成)对现在有影响eg: He has turned off the light.2.过去发生的事情(未完成)持续到现在,可能持续下去,也有可能刚刚结束      eg: He has lived here since 2000.(可能继续住着,也可能刚刚搬走)

2 肯定句和否定句

肯定表达:主语+have/has done+ 宾语+其他

否定表达:主语+have not(haven’t)/has not (hasn’t) done+宾语+其他

tips: 第一人称,第二人称和第三人称复数用have/haven’t,第三人称单数用has/hasn’t

eg:He has studies in England for two years.

3 常用时间标志词

  1. for+一段时间b. since+时间点或从句3.连接词ever , already, yet, so far , in the past/ last …. etc.eg: I have ever gone to Tibet.

He has already finished the homework.

I haven’t finished my paper yet.

He has returned five gold medals so far.

4.It is the first time that-从句It is the first time that I have watched the movie.

5 被动语态(了解即可)

主语(动作的接受者)+ have/has been + done + (by + 动作的实施者)

eg: Amateurs have made important discoveries in astronomy.

Important discoveries in astronomy have been made by amateurs.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

二 词性讲解

(一)名词

1可数名词[Countable nouns]:本身可以用来计数的,表示具体概念的名词

可数名词单数:表示 “一个”的概念,单数名词前使用不定冠词a或an

 

可数名词复数:表示“两个或多个”的概念,属于复数

可数名词复数变化规律:
(1)一般直接在名词后加s,
eg: a biscuit  three biscuits
a watermelon  three watermelons.
(2)以字母-s,-x,-sh,-ch结尾单词后加es
eg: dish-dishes, bus-buses, fox-foxes, fish-fishes.
(3)特殊的几个以o结尾词加es,
骑着水牛(buffaloes)的黑人(negroes)英雄们(heroes)爱吃西红柿(tomatoes)和马铃薯(potatoes)
其余以o结尾词加s eg: photo- photos  piano-pianos  video - videos
(4)辅音字母+y结尾的,改y--ies eg: city-cities butterfly-butterflies
元音字母+y结尾的,词尾加-s  eg: key-keys  soy - soys
(5)以-f或-fe结尾的,少数直接加s,大部分改-f/-fe为-v再加es
eg: leaf-leaves  life-lives  wife-wives
(6)复合词:改中心词为复数 eg: girl student-girl students
三个特例(改复数)
man teacher- men teachers
woman nurse- women nurses
child star- children stars

tips: 可数名词单数,谓语动词一般用单数;可数名词复数,谓语动词一般用复数。

 

2不可数名词[Uncountable nouns]:本身无法用数目来计算的名词,表示抽象概念的词
eg: 液体类 tea water coffee
食品类 chicken honey chocolate
抽象类  work wealth homework
用量词表示数量
eg: a box of milk a bottle of water

常见量词

可数名词                         不可数名词
a lot of                            a lot of
plenty of                           plenty of
some                              some

a quantity of                       a quantity of
many                              much
a few                              a little
a number of                      a great deal of

 

 

 

 

3 某些常见的既可以是可数[CN]也可以是不可数[UN]的词

(1)抽象类

  [UN] [CN]
interest 兴趣 前面可加不定冠词an 利害关系 股份 权益
experience 经验 经历
word 消息  单词
room 空间 房间
authority 权威 权威人士,权威机构
democracy 民主 民主国际
youth 青年人
beauty 美人
necessity 必要 必需品

 

(2)物质类

  [UN] [CN]
glass 玻璃 玻璃杯
paper 纸张 报纸 文件 试卷
cloth clothes衣服
copper a copper 铜币
tin 罐头
iron 熨斗
gold a gold 金牌
snow snows 积雪
water waters 海/湖水

 

(3)食品类:蔬菜,水果,肉等之类表示吃的东西时不可数,表示种类时可数

    UN CN
salad 沙拉  

 

 

数量

 

 

 

种类

Ice cream 冰淇淋
cabbage 卷心菜
onion 洋葱
wine
chicken 鸡肉
Fish 鱼肉
meat (一块)肉

 

(二)形容词和副词

1.形容词:做定语放在名词前
位置:限定描绘大长高,形状年龄和新老,颜色国籍跟材料,作用类别往后靠eg: He lives a happy life.a pretty small round old yellow French wooden study room2 副词:作状语 多修饰动词 交代动作状态
eg:I entirely agree with her.形容词比较级和最高级

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