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Unit 1/4/8
本节课内容：by + doing ./ used to do . / must do./what和how 引导的感叹句
Ⅰ. by doing sth. 的用法
- by的用法
介词by表示做某事的方式，by后常接动词-ing ，表示“用...手段/方式”；by 后也可接表示交通工具的名词，表示“乘...（交通工具）”。
Eg: He earns a living by selling newspaper . 他通过卖报纸谋生。
He went to London by plane yesterday afternoon .他昨天下午乘飞机去伦敦了。
- by/with/in表示“用”时的区别：
by表示使用某种方式、方法或使用某种交通工具，后接名词，代词或动名词。
Eg: I learn English by studying with a group . 我通过小组学习来学习英语。
‚with 后常接某种有形的工具，也可以表示用某材料/内容填充，后接名词或代词。
Eg: Liu Wei can play the piano with his feet .刘伟会用双脚弹钢琴。
ƒin 后常接表示语言、语调或颜色的单词。
Eg:Please answer the question in a loud voice. 请大声回答这个问题。
- 对by 短语的提问
---How do you study for a test ?
---By listening to tapes . 通过听（录音）磁带。
Ⅱ.used to do sth. 的用法：
- 意义：过去常常做某事/过去常常...
- 形式：used to do sth. /used to be n./adj.
- 句式：
肯定句：used to do / used to be
Eg: He told us he used to play football when he was young .
He used to be very short .
否定句：used not to do sth. / didn’t use to do sth.
Eg: He used not to study hard. = He didn’t use to study hard .
疑问句及答语：Did +主语 +主语 +use to do ? 答语：Yes , sb. did ./No , sb. didn’t.
Eg:---Did he use to be very short ?
---Yes , he did .
反意疑问句：“didn’t+主语”
Eg: She used to be very thin, didn’t she ?
- 易混淆短语
be used to doing 习惯于做某事
be used to do sth . 被用来做某事
be used for doing sth . 被用来做某事
be used as sth. 被当做...来使用
Ⅲ.must / might / could / can’t 表示推测
1.情态动词must / might / could / can’t/ may 等表示推测时，要根据肯定句、否定句或疑问句的不同句式选用不同的情态动词。“情态动词+do sth. ”表示对现在的事情的推测；“情态动词+be doing sth. ”表示对正在发生的事情的推测； “情态动词+have done sth.”表示对过去或已完成的事情的推测。
Eg: It must be Carla’s . She loves volleyball.
The light in the teacher’s office is still on . He must be working .
Peter may/might have been hurt in the car accident .
He must have finished his homework yesterday.
- 表示推测的情态动词在不同句型中的用法：
在肯定句中
在肯定句中可以使用的情态动词有must / could / may / might .其肯定程度逐渐减弱，must 表示一种十分肯定的推测，意为“一定；肯定” may/might/could 都表示一种不太肯定的推测。这三个词表示推测时，无时态区别，只是过去式表示的语气更弱一点。
Eg:You have worked hard all this week , You must be tired .
He could have gone home .
According to the radio , it could / may / might / rain this evening .
ƒ在否定句中
在否定句中可使用的情态动词有can’t / couldn’t / may not / mightn’t . can’t / couldn’t 表示有把握的否定推测，意为“不可能”；couldn’t 表示语气较缓和，can’t 表示“不相信”的程度更强一些。may not /mightn’t 表示不太有把握的否定推测，意为“不可能”
Eg：She can’t have gone to school , It’s Sunday .
She may not be there today.
It’s still early , he might not have come back home yet .
④在疑问句中
在疑问句中，一般使用can/could
Eg: Who can it be at the door ? Can it be Tom ?
--- Could Mary be an Indian girl ?
---No,she can’t be .
Ⅳ.感叹句的用法：
感叹句通常是由how或what 引导，表示赞美、惊叹、喜悦等感情。what修饰n.，how修饰adj./adv.
- what引导的感叹句
①What+a/an+adj.+单数名词+（主语+谓语/系）!
Eg：What a beautiful girl she is!
②What+adj.+可数名词复数/不可数名词+（主语+谓语/系）!
Eg:What old pictures they are!
- how引导的感叹句
①How+adj./adv.+（主语+谓语/系）!
Eg:How cold it is today!
How fast she runs!
②How +主语+谓语+其他！
Eg:How time flies!
How I wish you could come back!
③How+adj.+a/an+可数名词单数+（主语+谓语/系）!
Eg：How useful a subject it is!
注：在一般情况下，How+adj.+a/an+可数名词单数+（主语+谓语/系）!和What+a/an+adj.+单数名词+（主语+谓语/系）!可以相互转换。
Eg:How interesting the book is! = What an interesting book it is!
Unit 2/3
本节课内容：宾语从句
概念：是主从复合句（由一个或一个及以上的从句构成的句子）的一种，一个句子做宾语就叫宾语从句。主句是复合句的主体，从句仅仅是主句的一个成分，它从属于主句，不能独立，从句在全句中充当什么成分就叫什么从句，宾语从句当中的从句在句中做宾语。句子的宾语一般由名词、代词、动名词或动词不定式充当，而当一个句子充当宾语时，我们把这个句子就叫宾语从句。
宾语从句三要点：1.从句语序 2.引导词 3.从句的时态
Ⅰ.从句的语序：一律用陈述语序（主语+引导词+主语+谓语动词+其他）
Eg: He asked me when I arrived in Shanghai .
I want to know where they will go .
Could you tell me what you are reading ?
I don’t know where he lives .
Ⅱ.引导词：从属连词、关系代词、关系副词
由从属连词that 引导的宾语从句，that 在句子中无实际意义，在从句中不能充当成分，故有时可省。
Eg: I hear (that) he will be back in an hour .
He said (that) he missed us very much .
The teacher told us (that) the earth moves around the sun .
‚由从属连词whether/if 引导的宾语从句
Eg:I want to know if(whether) he will go to the park with us .
Ask him whether(if) he can come .
I don’t know whether it is going to rain or not .
前方有介词，后有不定式，whether or not 永远不分离。（只能使用whether）
Eg: I am interested in whether he joined the army.
She doesn't know whether to go to the cinema or to watch TV at home.
I don't know whether or not he will come on time.
ƒ由连接代词who,which,whom,whose,what和连接副词where,when,why,how引导的宾语从句。
Eg: He asked who could answer the question .
Do you know whom they are waiting for .
He asked whose handwriting was the best in the class.
Please tell me when we’ll have a meeting .
Can you tell me where he is ?
Could you tell me how I can get to the station .
Would you tell me why the train is late ?
④引导词：取决于从句的语气
从句是陈述句时，引导词用that.
从句是一般疑问句时，引导词用if/whether.
从句是特殊疑问句时，引导词用特殊疑问词。
Ⅲ.从句的时态
在复合句中，从句的时态在一定程度上受到主句时态的制约，在英语语法中称之为时态呼应。在宾语从句中也有时态的制约。（主过从过，主现从随便，真理规律永一现）。
主句是一般现在时（现在进行时、现在完成时），宾语从句的时态不作限制，我们可以根据句子的意思来使用需要的任何一种时态。
Eg: I hear (that) Tom has been to Guilin twice .
I hear (that) she will come tomorrow .
I hear (that) Jim went to work one hour ago .
I hear (that) he is interested in English .
‚当主句是一般过去时（过去进行时）的时候，宾语从句必须运用相应的过去的某一种时态，从而达到时态的呼应。
Eg：He said (that) he would go to xi’an.
He said (that) he was ill yesterday .
He said (that) he was reading a book .
He said (that) he had had supper already .
注：当宾语从句说明的内容是客观存在的事实或是客观存在的真理时，就不再受到主句时态的限制，仍然用一般现在时态。
Eg: He said that the sun is much bigger than the moon .
The teacher told us the students that light travels faster than sound .
The P.E teacher said that doing morning exercise is useful to our health .
4.宾语从句的否定形式
一般而言，宾语从句的否定式与一般句子的否定句是一样的，但若主句谓语动词是think/expect/believe/guess/imagine/suppose等表示“认为，猜想”的词时，并且主句的主语是第一人称时，把宾语从句的否定式转移到主句中。
Eg:I don’t think it’s going to rain .
I don’t believe she will lend you money .
Unit 5-7
本节课内容：被动语态
被动语态形式：be+done
（宾变主，主变宾，谓语变被动，莫把宾前by忘记，有些特例特殊记）
英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。在主动语态中，主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者。在被动语态中，主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的承受者。
Eg: Many people speak Chinese .
Chinese is spoken by many people.
They don’t use the room.
The room is not used by them.
We clean the classroom every day.
The classroom is cleaned by us every day.
一般现在时态的被动语态：am/is/are + done .
人称、数和时态的变化是通过be动词的变化表现出来的。
将以上例句转化成否定和疑问句式，并做以下的句子换成被动语态。
- He made the kite.
________________________________________.
- Tom broke the window.
________________________________________.
- Linda didn’t invite Jim to her birthday party.
_________________________________________.
总结：一般过去时态的被动语态形式：_______________
- I can find him.
__________________________________________.
- Parents should allow teenagers to choose their own clothes.
___________________________________________________.
- You may keep this book for two weeks.
___________________________________________________.
总结：情态动词的被动语态形式：_____________________
一般将来时态被动语态：________________________
现在进行时态被动语态：________________________
过去进行时态被动语态：________________________
现在完成时态被动语态：________________________
过去完成时态被动语态：________________________
注意事项：
①适合被动语态的情况
不知道谁是动作的执行者，或由于某种原因没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者。
Eg:This jacket is made of cotton.
Many trees must be planted every year.
需要突出或强调动作的承受者时
Eg:Food is needed by every living thing. 食物被一切生物所需要
Eg:Many houses were washed away by the flood.
②主动语态不能变被动语态的情况
当宾语是反身代词时
Eg:I found myself in the park.
当谓语动词是表状态的及物动词
The color doesn’t suit you.
③主动结构表被动意义
look,sound,taste,smell等系动词用主动结构表示被动意义
Eg:Uniforms look ugly on us.
Moon cakes taste delicious.
④open,lock,write,read,sell,clean,wash,cut,drive等词做不及物动词且它们的主语是物，可用主动表示被动
Eg:The pen writes very smmothly.
The clothes feel very soft.
Unit 9
本节课内容：定语从句
1.a beautiful girl an ugly dog
2.The girl behind the tree is Kate.
3.The man driving too fast was drunk.
4.The girl who is behind the tree is Kate.
5.The man who was driving too fast was drunk.
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词，从句放在所修饰词（即先行词）之后，由关系副词或关系代词引导。定语从句在复合句中做定语，对先行词起修饰限定的作用。
关系代词和关系副词的选用：
若定语从句缺少主、宾、表、定用关系代词。
| 主 | 宾 | 表 | 定 | |
| 人 | who,that | who,that,
whom |
that | whose |
| 物 | which,that | which,that | that | whose |
注：“that,which,whom,who”在定语从句中做宾语时可省，但“介词+关系词”时，指物用which，指人用whom就一定不能省略。
whose= n+of+which/whom
Eg:The foreigners who visited our school yesterday is from Canada.
The girl who/whom we met yesterday is Li Lei’s sister.
They planted the trees which don’t need too much water.
The fish (which) we bought was not fresh.
Harry is the boy whose mother is our math teacher.
The plane is a machine that can fly.
若定语从句缺少时间状语、地点状语、原因状语时用关系副词。
| where | 地点状语（situation情景、case案例、point阶段、stage阶段、Internet阶段） |
| when | 时间状语（occasion） |
| why | 原因状语（reason） |
注：如果表示时间、地点和原因的词在定语从句中不做状语则要不用以上三个词。
where/when/why=介词+which
Eg：I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.(when=on which)
Can you tell me the office where he works. (where=in which)
Do you know the reason why he is absent?
This is the Beijing that I visited.
只用that的情况：
- 先行词本身为everything、anything、something、nothing、little、few、much、some、all、none时。
Eg:Everything that we have seen is moving.
- 先行词被every、any、no、some、few、little、much、all修饰时。
Eg:I want to read all the books that were written by Lu Xun.
- 先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。
Eg:You are the first person that I want to see.
This is the best book that I can find.
- 先行词被the only、the very、the last修饰时。
Eg：The only book that I want to read is missing.
- 先行词即有人有物时。
Eg:I can’t forget the people and the place that I know well.
- 先行词前有who、which等疑问代词时。
Eg:Who is the boy that is talking with our teacher?
Unit 10-11
本节课内容：make做宾补和be supposed to
*make 作使役动词，意为“使变得；使变成”，常接复合宾语，构成“make+宾语+宾语补足语”结构，其中宾语可以是sb.或sth.，宾语补足语可以是名词、形容词、不带to的不定式、过去分词、介词短语等。
①make+宾语+n. “使...成为...”，名词前通常不加冠词，且名词是表示官职或头衔的词。
Eg:They made Trump president.
My classmates made me monitor.
②make+宾语+adj.使...“处于某种状态”。
Eg:The smart phone makes our life easy and convenient.
Rainy days make me sad.
③make+宾语+done “使...被...”宾语也可以是与主语一致的反身代词。该结构有被动含义，但翻译时通常不用被字句。
Eg:The teacher raised her voice so that she could make herself heard.
The writer tries to make his novel difficulty in speaking.
④make+宾语+介词短语“使...处于某种状态”
Eg:Sit down and make youself at home. 请坐不要拘束。
⑤make+宾语+do sth.“使...做某事”，不带to的不定式做宾语补足语。
Eg：She made me wait for a long time.
Our coach made me feel more confident.
注：“make+宾语+do sth.”结构用在被动语态中时，省略的不定式to要还原，即“主语+be made to do sth. （被迫做某事）”
Eg:The students are made to wear uniforms in the school.
常见的接不带to的不定式做宾语的动词：一感（feel）,二听（hear,listen）,三让（have,make,let）,四看（watch,notice,see,observe）,半帮助（help后可加to，也可不加to）。
⑥make的其他用法：make it 表示“事业获得成功；做成某事；约定时间；及时赶火车；及时抵达某地等”
Eg:Let’s make it 8:30.Is that all right for you?
我们约定在八点半吧，那对你合适吗？
Don’t worry. He will make it .
不必担心，他会办成的。
*be supposed to 表示“应该...”,其中to是不定式符号，不是介词，后接动词原形。
be supposed to 意为“应该...”，后节动词动词原形，相当于should,ought to.
- 当主语是人时
be supposed to 的主语是人时，意为“应该...”用来表示劝告、建议、责任。
Eg:You’re supposed to ask the teacher if you want to leave the classroom.
- 当主语是物时
be supposed to 的主语是物或事时，意为“本该；本应”，用于表示某事本应该发生而没有发生。
Eg:The meeting was supposed to take place on Tuesday, but we’ve had to put off.
- be supposed to的否定形式
在否定句中应用be not supposed to do sth.，意为“不应该做某事”，表示命令或禁止。
Eg:You’re not supposed to talk loudly in class.
You are not supposed to smoke in the bus.
- be supposed to have done 表示“本应该做某事而没做”，相当与“should have done”.
Eg：You are supposed to have handed in your homework.
He was supposed to have arrived an hour ago.
Unit 12
本节课内容：过去完成时
过去完成时态的结构：had+done
表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”。
时间状语：
by the time+一般过去时态的从句
before+一般过去时态的从句
after/when+过去完成时（从句） 主从句的动作有明显的先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，动作在后的用一般过去时。
for+一段时间
sice+过去的时间点
过去完成时在具体场景中的应用：
- 表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，常与by,before等构成的短语或句子连用。
Eg:By the time I went outside, the bus had already left.
They had hoped to be able to arrive before ten.
Before I repaired my bike, my mother had bought a new one for me.
After I had applied for the job, I went to London.
The concert had ended when she arrived there.
What had you seen before I called you.
- 表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一个时间的动作或状态，常和for或since构成的时间状语。
Eg:He said he had worked in that factory since 2005.
I had studied Chinese for three years before I came to China.
3.宾语从句中。
