初中英语易错知识点总结

初中英语易错知识点总结

 

易混动词:

1.几个“花费":spend, take, pay, cost

(1) spend多用人作主语，后接金钱或时间。spend.. on sth/ (in)doing sth如:

l spent 15 yuan on this new book.买这本新书我花了15元。

(2) take常用于"It takes sb some time to do sth"句型中。如:

It often takes me half an hour to go to school by bike every day.

我每天骑车去学校要花半小时。

(3) pay常与for连用，表"付给... .款"。如:

l paid 15 yuan for this new book.

(4) cost常用物作主语表“价值或花费多少钱”。如:

This new book costs me 15 yuan.

2.几个“看":look, see, watch, read, find

look看,表动作,look at。

see看见，表结果;也可说看电影"see a film"。

watch观看比赛、演出、电视等。

read读书看报等文字材料。

3.几个与“看”有关的词或词组:

look for, find, find out, look after, take care of, look over, look forward to.

look for寻找，表过程。find发现，找到，表结果。find out找出，查明。

look after, take care of均表示“照看,照顾”。look over检查、翻阅等。

look forward to盼望... ,期待....

4.几个“说":say, speak, talk, tell

(1)say用作及物动词或不及物动词。用作及物动词时侧重说的内容;say用作不及物动词时,不涉及所说的内容。如:

Please say it in English.这个请用英语说。

It's hard to say.很难说。

Easier said than done.说起来容易,做起来难。

say之后通常跟直接引语、间接引语或宾语从句。如:

The teacher said,"Please look at me."老师说:“请看着我”。

Our teacher said that the earth goes around the sun.老师说地球围绕太阳运行。

(1) 含有say的固定搭配和常见的句型有:

say to oneself自言自语;

say" Hi/Hello" to sb.向某人问好;

have nothing to say to对...无话可说;

say a good word for sb.为某人说好话;

They say.. / It's said... (据....)

That is to say那就是说。

(2) speak常指能说某种语言，打电话时常用它表示说话，也有“演讲”的意思,不强调说话的内容。如:

We can speak Chinese and English.我们可以说汉语和英语。

May I speak to Henry?我可以和亨利讲话吗?

He will speak at the meeting tonight.他将在今晚的会议，上发言。

(3) talk用作不及物动词，作“说话”讲时与speak可以互换使用。作“交谈”讲时,通常与介词to / with连用。如:

The baby can't talk yet.那个婴儿还不会讲话。

They often talk in English.他们经常用英语交谈。

I'd like to talk to her.我想和她谈一谈。

talk用作名词时,可以与动词have-起构成短语"have a talk with",意思是.和....谈一谈”。如:

May l have a talk with you?我可以和你谈一谈吗?

含talk的短语、固定搭配和句型常见有:

talk to/with sb.和某人谈话;

talk about谈论;

have a talk with sb.和某人谈话/谈一谈;

talk of谈到/讲到;

talk out说完

(4) tell用作及物动词，意思是“讲、说",指 说实话，说出事实的真相,讲故事等。如:

My mother often tells me stories.妈妈经常给我讲故事。

Please tell me the truth.请告诉我事实的真相。

The boy never tells lies.那个孩子从不说谎。

Nobody can tell how the Pyramids were built.没有人能说出金字塔是怎样建成的。

tell表示命令时,作“叫、告诉”讲,常见的句型是"tell sb to do sth.", 意思是“叫/告诉某人做某事”。如:

Tell him to come to my office.叫/告诉他到我的办公室来。

Tell them not to look out of the window.叫他们不要向窗外望。

含有tell的短语、固定搭配和常用句型有:

tell sb. a story给某人讲故事;

tell sb. about sth.告诉某人关于某事的情况;

tell sb. to do sth.叫某人做某事;

tell a lie说谎;

tell the truth说实话。

5.几个“穿,戴":put on, wear, dress(up)

put on指“穿上、戴上”强调动作，代词放在中间。

wear指“穿着，戴着”，表示状态。

dress指“给某人穿衣服”,其宾语是人。dress up指"穿上盛装，打扮”。

6.几个“到达":reach, arrive in/at, get to

reach是及物动词，它后面可以直接跟表示地点的名词作宾语。

arrive是不及物动词,后面接表示地点的名词作宾语时需在宾语前加介词in或at(在国家和较大的城市或地区前用in,较小的地方或单位前用at)。get to表示到达，多用于口语

注意:当表示到达here, there, home时,arrive或get后不要加介词。

7.几个“带、拿":bring, take, get, carry.

bring指将某物或某人从离说话人较远处“拿来”或"带来”。

take指将某物或某人从离说话人较近处“带到"或“拿到”。

get指从说话人所在位置到别处把某物拿来。

carry不强调动作来去的方向，只说明动作方式，表示"背着、扛着、提着、载着”含义。

8.几个与“听”有关的词或词组:listen to, hear, hear of, hear from

listen to听.. ..表示听的动作。hear听见，听到，表示结果。hear of听.....

hear from收到某人的信息或来信。

9. beat和win

beat表示“赢”或“打败”,后面要接被打败的对手。win用作及物动词时，后面接的不是被打败的对手,而是比赛本身、游戏、战争、名次等。

10. rise和raise

rise是不及物动词，表示"上升、提高、增长”等。raise是及物动词,表示“举起、抬起”。

11. borrow,lend和keep

borrow指其逻辑主语从别处或别人那里“借来"东西,常与介词from连用。

lend指其逻辑主语将东西"借出、借给”别人，常与介词to连用。

keep表示“保存”,与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。

12. receive和accept

receive的意思是"收到了.....只表示收到某物，并不表明同意或不同意接受的含义。

accept表示“接受..."同意接约....如接受物体、邀请、批评等。如:

He received an invitation from her and accepted it happily.

他收到了她的邀请，并且很愉快地接受了。

13. answer与reply

answer意为”回答、响应、答复、接听电话”等,多作及物动词。

reply意为"回答、答复"，是不及物动词，后需加介词to,at等再加宾语。

14. hope与expect

hope指主观上的愿望，但在客观上不一定有实现的可能性，常接that从句、动词不定式或以介词for引出的短语。

expect着重指客观上有可能实现的“期待、期望"等，其后可接名词、代词、动词不定式或that 从句。

15. lie和lay

lie有多个意思:表示“躺;位于”时,其变化是lay, lain, lying;表示“说谎”时，其变化是lied, lied, lying。lay的含义是“放置、产卵”等。其变化是laid, laid, laying。

三：现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：

它们所表示的动作都发生在过去，但二者又有区别:一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作，说话的侧重点在于陈述一件过去的事情，与现在没有关系;现在完成时表示与现在有关系的发生在过去的动作，它不与表示明确过去时间状语(如yesterday, last week, a moment ago等)连用。如:

These farmers have been to the United States

--这些农民去过美国了。

- Really? When did they go there?一-真的吗?他们什么时候去的?

-Have you finished your homework?-你完成作业了吗?

-Yes, I did it a moment ago.--是的，我刚刚做的。

1. A) 词组have/has been in/to与have/has gone to的区别

"have/has gone to+地点”表示“某人去了某地(还未回来)”，指主语所指的人不在这儿。"have/has been in+地点”表示“在某地呆了多长时间”，常与表示时间段的状语连用。"have/has been to+地点”表示"曾经去过某地(但现在已不在那儿)”。如:

My father isn't at home. He has gone to Beijing.我爸爸不在家，他去北京了。

I have been in Beijing for 10 years.我待在北京十年了。

l have been to that city, and l don't want to go there again.我去过那座城市了,我不想再去

1. B) would rather与prefer to

(1) would rather相当于一个情态动词,后面跟不带to的动词不定式构成句型:would rather do sth....，意为“宁可/愿 .... 。 其否定结构为:would rather not do sth., 意思是“宁可/愿不例...如:

They would rather use colors like orange and

yellow.他们宁愿使用像橙色和黄色这样的颜色。

I'd rather not tell you about it.关于这件事我不愿告诉你。

would rather与than连用时,than前、后连接两个平衡结构,意为“宁愿....而不愿.....与.....不....”如:

I'd rather go shopping in Sunshine Town than in Moonlight Town.我宁愿去阳光城购物，也不愿去月光城。

I'd rather put the picture on my home page than show it to everyone.

我宁愿把照片放在家庭网页上,而不愿把它给每个人看。

(2)动词prefer用作及物动词时，之后通常跟名词/动名词作宾语,再加to加名词/动名词,即"prefer A to B”结构,意为“喜欢A胜过B;宁愿A 不愿B”。如:

l prefer modern drama to Beijing Opera.我喜欢话剧胜过京剧。

l prefer walking to jogging.我宁愿散步而不愿慢跑。

有时“prefer doing sth. to doing sth." 结构可以与"would rather do sth. than do sth."结构互换使用。如:

l prefer singing to dancing.我宁愿唱歌不愿跳舞。 (=l'd rather sing than dance.)

注意:"prefer A to B"与"prefer A rather than B”有时可以互换使用。如:

l prefer fish to chicken.我宁愿吃鱼不愿吃鸡。该句相当于:I prefer fish rather than chicken.

四,瞬间性动词与延续性动词的区别：

瞬间性动词表示短暂的、不能持续一段时间的动作

如:come, leave, begin, become, buy, receive, die, join, borrow, lend, go等。瞬间性动词不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。持续性动词表示能持续 时间 的 动 作如:work, stay, live, learn, read, write, wait等，可以与表示一段时间的状语连用。例如:她已经离开沈阳一个月了。

误:She has left Shenyang for a month.

正:She has been away from Shenyang for a month.

但是瞬间动词的否定结构可以与表示一段时间的状语连用，说明某动作不发生的状态可以持续一段时间。如:

She often goes on business. But she hasn't left Shenyang for a month.她经常出差办事，但她已经一个月没离开沈阳了。

英语动词的“时态”是谓语动词表示动作发生时的各种形式。中考英语试题常考动词的辨析用法和常用时态,即:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时和现在完成时五种时态是考查的重点。

动词时态的判断技巧如下:

1.根据时间状语与时态的对应关系确定时态：

动词特定的时态常常与特定的时间状语联系在一起,如由this time yesterday可知用过去进行时;由so far, in the past three years, till now可知要用完成时等等。

[例1]

Are you surprised at the ending of the movie?一No, because _ _ _the story.

1. read
2. will read
3. have read
4. was reading

[解析]考查动词的时态。句意:你对影片的结尾感到惊讶吗?不，因为我读过这个故事。根据句意句子应用现在完成时，故选C。[答案] C

[例2] Dad_ _the USA in two weeks.

1. is leave for
2. leaves for
3. is leaving for
4. left for

[解析]考查动词的时态。“in+时间段”是一般将来时的标志,leave等表示地点位置转移的动词的进行时态可以表达将来含义。故选C。[答案]

2.根据固定句型与动词时态间的对应关系确定时态：

在英语中，不少句型与一些动词在时态的运用方面都存在着特定的对应关系。如:

(1)在“祈使句+and/or+陈述句”句型中,陈述句中用will表示的一般将来时;

(2)was/were about to do... when... 或was/ were doing... when... 或was/were on the point of doing... when...句型中,when分句的谓语动词用一般过去时;

(3)主将从现原则。即:如果主句是一般将来时，那么时间和条件状语从句用一般现在时。

[例1]

If farmers _ trees and forests, giant pandas_ _nowhere to live.

1. cut down;have
2. will cut down;will have
3. will cut don;have
4. cut down;will have

(解析]考查主句与从句的时态。if引导的条件状语从句，遵循“主将从现”的原则，即主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时，所以选D。[答案] D

[例2]

What_ _you_ _when the captain

came in?

1. are;doing
2. did;do
3. were;doing

[解析]考查过去进行时态。根据时间状语从句"when the captain came in" 可知句意为:队长来的时候你在干什么?时间状语为一般过去时态，所以主句要用过去进行时态，故选C。[答案] C

3.动词短语

动词+副词构成的动词短语相当于及物动词或不及物动词。用作及物动词时如果是代词做宾语的话,必须把代词放在动词和副词之间。动词短语比较复杂，需要熟记。

[例]

Smoking is bad for your health. You'd better__

1. set it up
2. give it up
3. pick itup
4. look it up

[解析]考查动词短语的用法。该句表示建议,因为抽烟有害,建议放弃,不是建立、捡起或查找。故选B。[答案] B

4.根据上下语境来确定时态

在绝大多数情况下，动词的时态是由上下文来决定的，这就要求我们一方面要熟记各种时态的适用范围，另一方面要求我们注意上下文的提示。

[例]

-What does Tom's uncle do?

He is a teacher. He_ _ physics at a school now.

1. will teach
2. has taught
3. teaches
4. taught

[解析]考查动词的时态。句意:--汤姆的叔叔是干什么的?--他是一名老师。他现在在一所学校教物理。”根据问句时态以及时间状语now可以判断用一般现在时。故选C。[答案] C

专项训练

1. Tom_ _there for 10 months since he__back to his hometown.
2. has lived;gets
3. has lived;got
4. lived;go
5. lived;has got
6. -Where is your father?

He_ Shanghai on business for several days.

1. has beento
2. has gone to
3. has been in
4. has left for
5. -Do you know the young man well?

Sure, we_ _friends since we met in Nanjing three years ago.

1. have been
2. were
3. have made
4. have become
5. Let's go to Yang Meikeng to enjoy the cool wind,_______ ?

Good idea. But | am afraid we can't go there ifit_

1. will you;rains
2. will you;will rain
3. shall we;will rain
4. shall we;rains
5. Mr Black_ _Shanghai this afternoon.Do you know when the earliest plane to Shanghai
6. is leaving for;takes off
7. will leave;takes off
8. is leaving for;is taking off
9. will leave;is taking off
10. Tim will call me as soon as he_ _ my package.
11. receive
12. will receive
13. received
14. receives

7.Dear,you need to _ _to go to university at home or go abroad.

OK, Mum. I am considering it.

1. make an appointment
2. make a suggestion
3. make a decision
4. Don't_ _ up English. It's very useful.
5. give
6. hurry
7. stay
8. l need a new jacket. This one doesn't_ _the cold.
9. help out
10. take away
11. keep out
12. give away

10.We have to_ _our sports meeting till next week because of the heavy rain.

1. take off
2. get off
3. put off
4. set off

11.Chinese people _ _keep pigs for focd. But now some people keep them as pets.

1. used to
2. has to
3. had better
4. _ _ _your name on the paper and you can get a gift.
5. Cut down
6. Look down
7. Turn down
8. Put down .
9. He failed in the basketball match and looks sad. Let's_ _ _.
10. put him up
11. set him up
12. cheer him up
13. clean him up

14.The sports meeting will be_ _ because of the bad weather.

1. put on
2. put off
3. put up
4. put down

答案与解析

1. B解析:考查动词时态的用法。由连词since引导时间状语从句应该用一般过去时态，主句要用现在完成时态。故选B。
2. C解析:考查have/has been in的用法。A项到某地去过;B项到某地去了;C项到某地去过--段时间;D项已经离开。由句意"他来上海做生意好几天了”判断,应该用has been in。故选C。
3. A解析:考查动词的辨析用法。由从句中的连词判断,从句用一般过去时态，主句用现在完成时态。因为从三年前在南京就是好朋友，不是通过交朋友或成为朋友，所以排除B、C、D三项。故选A。

4.D 解析:考查交际应答和时态的用法。疑问句Let's...表示建议，应该用Shall we?来提问。应答句是if引导的条件状语从句，根据主将从现原则，故选D。

5. A解析:考查动词时态的用法。由第一句中的时间状语"thisafternoon"判断谓语动词用现在进行时态表示将要发生的动作,故选is leaving for。下一句表示习惯性的动作，应该用一般现在时态。故选A。
6. D 解析:考查动词的时态。句意:蒂姆一收到我的包裹就会给我打电话。as soon as引导的时间状语从句，主句用一般将来时，时间状语从句用一般现在时，主语是第三人称单数,故动词用三单形式。
7. C解析:考查动词短语的辨析。句意:--宝贝,你需要做一个决定在国内上大学还是出国。一一好的，妈妈。我正在考虑。make an appointment约会;make a suggestion提建议;make a decision做决定。根据句意选C
8. A解析:考查动词短语辨析。give up放弃;hurry up快点;stay up熬夜。句意:不要放弃英语，它很重要。
9. C解析:考查动词短语的辨析。句意:我需要一件新夹克，这一件不能抵挡寒冷。help out帮助克服困难;takeaway带走;keepout挡在外面;give away捐赠。根据句意选C。

10.C 解析:考查动词短语辨析。take off起飞;get off下车;put off推迟;set off出发。句意:因为下大雨，我们必须推迟运动会到下周。只有put off具有“推迟”意思，故选C。

11. A解析:考查动词短语的辨析。句意:中国人过去喂养猪做食物，但是现在一些人把它们当宠物养。used to过去常常;hasto不得不;had better最好。根据句意选A。

12.D 解析:考查动词短语辨析。cut down“砍倒";look down" 看不起";turn down" 关上";put down"写下”。句意:写下你的名字你就可以得到一个礼物。故选D。

13. C解析:考查动词短语辨析。put up张贴,搭建;set up建立;cheer up使...振奋;clean up打扫干净。根据句意“他篮球赛输了,看起来很难过”,所以“我们要让他振作起来”。
14. B解析:考查动词短语辨析。put on穿上;put off推迟,拖延;put up张贴，搭建,put down放下。句意:因为坏天气运动会被推迟了。故选B。